Conflict is an essential element of narration that creates the tension necessary to advance a plot. [28] It can be an internal struggle with one's own thoughts and emotions, or external; between a character and nature, other characters, or society as a whole. [29] Unresolved conflicts, regardless of the type, can result in violence. Fiction maintains depictions of violence to expose the basic conflicts in social relationships and in turn provide readers with an understanding of both personal and collective life experiences. [30] In his book How to Read Literature Like a Professor, Foster (2003) classifies fictional violence into two categories: authorial and character-imposed. [1] Authorial violence [ edit ]

Glossary of the Gothic: Violence - Marquette University

The TV series Penny Dreadful (2014–2016) brings many classic Gothic characters together in a psychological thriller set in the dark corners of Victorian London. Edwards, Justin; Monnet, Agnieszka (15 February 2013). The Gothic in Contemporary Literature and Popular Culture: Pop Goth. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 9781136337888. Toxic love, on the other hand, can manifest in the form of unjustifiable violence. Caroline Kepnes's novel, You, presents an example of this as the protagonist, who is unnaturally obsessed and possessive of his several lovers, murders any person that might compromise their happiness or get in the way of their relationships. [54] This type of obsessive love may also root from feelings of jealousy that, depending on the circumstances, can result in acts of domestic violence against the subject of obsession. [55]Bloom, Clive (2010). Gothic Histories: The Taste for Terror, 1764 to Present. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p.2. Seeger, Andrew Philip (2004). Crosscurrents between the English Gothic novel and the German Schauerroman (PhD dissertation). University of Nebraska–Lincoln. pp.1–208. ProQuest 305161832.

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There was a notable revival in 20th-century Gothic horror cinema, such as the classic Universal monsters films of the 1930s, Hammer Horror films, and Roger Corman's Poe cycle. [107] Although the term graphic violence is commonly used for visual artistic media like film and television, it can relate to literature due to vivid, gory descriptions of death and injury in several stories. Such evocative imagery is the hallmark of fiction in the speculative genre, particularly horror, but not restricted to it. Settings that might exhibit these images include apocalypses, wars, and conquests. In Spain, the priest Pascual Pérez Rodríguez was the most diligent novelist in the Gothic way, closely aligned to the supernatural explained by Ann Radcliffe. [49] At the same time, the poet José de Espronceda published The Student of Salamanca (1837-1840), a narrative poem that presents a horrid variation on the Don Juan legend. Various video games feature Gothic horror themes and plots. The Castlevania series typically involves a hero of the Belmont lineage exploring a dark, old castle, fighting vampires, werewolves, Frankenstein's Creature, and other Gothic monster staples, culminating in a battle against Dracula himself. Others, such as Ghosts 'n Goblins, feature a camper parody of Gothic fiction. 2017's Resident Evil 7: Biohazard, a Southern Gothic reboot to the survival horror video game involves an everyman and his wife trapped in a derelict plantation and mansion owned by a family with sinister and hideous secrets and must face terrifying visions of a ghostly mutant in the shape of a little girl. This was followed by 2021's Resident Evil Village, a Gothic horror sequel focusing on an action hero searching for his kidnapped daughter in a mysterious Eastern European village under the control of a bizarre religious cult inhabited by werewolves, vampires, ghosts, shapeshifters, and other monsters. The Devil May Cry series stands as an equally parodic and self-serious franchise, following the escapades, stunts and mishaps of series protagonist Dante as he explores dingy demonic castles, ancient occult monuments and ruined urban landscapes on his quest to avenge his mother and brother. Gothic literary themes appear all throughout the story, such as how the past physically creeps into the ambiguously modern setting, recurrent imagery of doubles (notably regarding Dante and his twin brother), and the persisting melodramas associated with Dante's father's fame, absence, and demonic heritage. Beginning with Devil May Cry 3: Dante's Awakening, Female Gothic elements enter the series as deuteragonist Lady works through her own revenge plot against her murderous father, with the oppressive and consistent emotional and physical abuse instigated by a patriarchal figure serving as a heavy, understated counterweight to the extravagance of the rest of the story. Finally, Bloodborne takes place in the decaying Gothic city of Yharnam, where the player must face werewolves, shambling mutants, vampires, witches, and numerous other Gothic staple creatures. However, the game takes a marked turn midway shifting from gothic to Lovecraftian horror.

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Fall of the House of Usher, The (i)", Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2002, doi: 10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.o901543 , retrieved 2022-04-19 Radcliffe, Ann (1995). The Castles of Athlin and Dunbayne. Oxford: Oxford UP. pp.vii–xxiv. ISBN 0192823574. Gothic fiction, sometimes called Gothic horror (primarily in the 20th century), is a loose literary aesthetic of fear and haunting. The name refers to Gothic architecture of the European Middle Ages, which was characteristic of the settings of early Gothic novels. War tales that employ similar violence, however, try to achieve a goal beyond the evoking of excitement. By describing unspeakable war crimes, authors depict the suffering felt by innocent people whose pleas go unheard. It is a means to compel empathy in readers for those affected by the psychological and physical agonies of armed conflict. Aleksander Hemon's short story " A Coin", told through letters sent by a journalist named Aida in Sarajevo to the narrator in Chicago, describes the horrors of the Bosnian 1990s war using explicit violence. In one of its passages, for instance, Aida relates having witnessed a dog chew off her deceased aunt's hand and carry it away in its jaw. Snipers shooting from buildings are characterized as vicious and inhumane, as the following lines describe: [43]

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Gothic fiction is characterized by an environment of fear, the threat of supernatural events, and the intrusion of the past upon the present or the present being haunted by the past. [2] [3] The setting typically includes physical reminders of the past, especially through ruined buildings which stand as proof of a previously thriving world which is decaying in the present. [4] Especially in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, characteristic settings include castles, religious buildings like monasteries and convents, and crypts. The atmosphere is typically claustrophobic, and common plot elements include vengeful persecution, imprisonment, and murder. [2] The depiction of horrible events in Gothic fiction often serves as a metaphorical expression of psychological or social conflicts. [3] The form of a Gothic story is usually discontinuous and convoluted, often incorporating tales within tales, changing narrators, and framing devices such as discovered manuscripts or interpolated histories. [5] Other characteristics, regardless of relevance to the main plot, can include sleeplike and deathlike states, live burials, doubles, unnatural echoes or silences, the discovery of obscured family ties, unintelligible writings, nocturnal landscapes, remote locations, [6] and dreams. [7] Johnson, E. D. H. (1966). " "Daring the Dread Glance": Charlotte Brontë's Treatment of the Supernatural in Villette". Nineteenth-Century Fiction. 20 (4): 325–336. doi: 10.2307/2932664. JSTOR 2932664. In America, pulp magazines such as Weird Tales reprinted classic Gothic horror tales from the previous century by authors like Poe, Arthur Conan Doyle, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and printed new stories by modern authors featuring both traditional and new horrors. [83] The most significant of these was H. P. Lovecraft, who also wrote a conspectus of the Gothic and supernatural horror tradition in his Supernatural Horror in Literature (1936), and developed a Mythos that would influence Gothic and contemporary horror well into the 21st century. Lovecraft's protégé, Robert Bloch, contributed to Weird Tales and penned Psycho (1959), which drew on the classic interests of the genre. From these, the Gothic genre per se gave way to modern horror fiction, regarded by some literary critics as a branch of the Gothic, [84] although others use the term to cover the entire genre.

Britten, Naomi; Trilogy, Mandala; Bird, Carmel (2010). "Re-imagining the Gothic in Contemporary Australia: Carmel Bird Discusses Her Mandala Trilogy". Antipodes. 24 (1): 98–103. ISSN 0893-5580. JSTOR 41957860– via JSTOR. Richard Flanagan, Gould's Book of Fish, would have to be Gothic. Tasmanian history is pro-foundly dark and dreadful. Smith, Andrew, and Diana Wallace, "The Female Gothic: Then and Now." Gothic Studies, 25 August 2004, pp. 1–7. a b c d e Moustakis, Christina (1982). "A Plea for Heads: Illustrating Violence in Fairy Tales". Children's Literature Association Quarterly. 7 (2): 26–30. doi: 10.1353/chq.0.0547. ISSN 1553-1201.

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Gothic literature is intimately associated with the Gothic Revival architecture of the same era. English Gothic writers often associated medieval buildings with what they saw as a dark and terrifying period, marked by harsh laws enforced by torture and with mysterious, fantastic, and superstitious rituals. Similar to the Gothic Revivalists' rejection of the clarity and rationalism of the Neoclassical style of the Enlightened Establishment, the literary Gothic embodies an appreciation of the joys of extreme emotion, the thrills of fearfulness and awe inherent in the sublime, and a quest for atmosphere. Gothic ruins invoke multiple linked emotions by representing inevitable decay and the collapse of human creations – hence the urge to add fake ruins as eyecatchers in English landscape parks.Linda Parent Lesher, The Best Novels of the Nineties: A Reader's Guide. McFarland, 2000 ISBN 0-7864-0742-5, p. 267.